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  The American astronaut Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin were the first humans to set their foot on the Moon surface on July 20, 1969, with the words: “That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.' The landing spot was later called Sea of Tranquility.  America had won a race that began in 1957, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth. Armstrong was joined on the Moon by Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin, while Michael Collins orbited above them.

·          Olympic Games for the first time held in 776 BC in ancient Greece in honour of God Zeus at Olmpus mountain and continued upto 394 AD. ·          The Games were named after the location at Olympia, a sacred site located in southern Greece. ·          In ancient days Olympic victors were awarded an Olive branch twisted into a circle to form a crown. ·          Olympic Games were held after every four years. These festivals included competition in Literature, Arts, Music and Gynastics. ·          Olympic Games were revived by the French Baron, Pierre de Coubertin in 1894 and the modern series started in 1896 at Athens. ·          Olympic Games were not held in 1916, 1940 and 1944 due to World War. ·      ...

·          Stomach sleepers are likely to feel insecure in their jobs. ·          Those who sleep curled up like a cat are lonely and in need of protection. ·          Those who sleep on their backs are proud people with strong personalities. ·          Pillow – curdlers need genuine affection. ·          Sleepers with head under the blanket are passimists. ·          Sleepers on their side facing the right are creative people. ·          Sleepers on the left side are secure in their jobs.

               ESSENCE OF THE BHAGWAD GITA           Why are you unnecessarily worrying ? whom do you fear ? Who can kill you ? Soul is not born, nor does it die.         What has happened has happened for the best. What is happening is happening for the best. What will happen will also happen for the best. Do not brood over the past. Do not worry about the future.        The present is on. What have you lost that you are weeping ? what have you brought that you have lost ? what have you made, that has been destroyed ? You have not brought anything. What you have, you got from here. What was given, was given here. What you took, you took from this Universe. What you gave, you gave into this Universe. You have come empty handed and will go empty handed. What is yours today was somebody else’s in the past and will be somebody else’s in the future. You think i...

    In today’s Internet age, although the widespread use of correspondence has declined, its importance cannot be denied.  Usually when we write a letter, we write the PIN code at the address.  But many people are not fully aware of its meaning and purpose.  So they write the PIN code, whether it is right or wrong.  This PIN code is an English abbreviation.  Its full extension is the Postal Index Number. In short it is called a PIN.  This helps to keep the letters organized and take them to the destination with ease.        The PIN code of any place in India is always six digits.  Each digit has one meaning, and it fulfills a specific purpose, such as: PIN-756001.  The first digit (7) on the left represents a specific area of ​​the country.  The second and third digits (5, 6) indicates a subspace and indicate the route by which the letter will reach the destination.  The first three digits (7, 5, 6), mean a ...

                                      ଆଜିର ଇଣ୍ଟରନେଟ୍ ଯୁଗରେ ଯଦିଓ ଚଠିପତ୍ରର ବହୁଳ ବ୍ୟବହାର କମିଯାଇଛି ତଥାପି ଏହାର ଗୁରୁତ୍ବକୁ ଏଡାଇ ଦିଆଯାଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ । ସାଧାରଣତ ଃ ଆମେମାନେ ଚିଠି ଲେଖିଲାବେଳେ ଠିକଣାରେ ପିନ୍ କୋଡ୍ ଲେଖିଥାଉ । କିନ୍ତୁ ଅନେକ ଲୋକ ଏହାର ତାତ୍ପର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଓ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅବଗତ ହୋଇ ନଥାନ୍ତି । ତେଣୁ ଭୁଲ୍ ହେଉ ଅବା ଠିକ୍ ହେଉ ପିନ୍ କୋଡ୍ ଲେଖିଥା ' ନ୍ତି । ଏହି ପିନ୍ କୋଡ୍ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ଇଂରାଜୀ ସଂକ୍ଷେପଣ( Abbreviation) । ଏହାର ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବିସ୍ତାରଣ ହେଉଛି ଡାକ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ( Postal Index Number) ।  ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ଏହାକୁ PIN ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ । ଚିଠିପତ୍ର ସର୍ଟି ˚ କରିବା ଓ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସୁବିଧାରେ ନେଇ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟସ୍ଥଳରେ ପହଞ୍ଜାଇବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଏହା ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।         ଭାରତ ଭିତରେ ଯେ କୌଣସି ସ୍ଥାନର ପିନ୍ କୋଡ୍ ସବୁବେଳେ ଛଅ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ପ୍ରତି ଅଙ୍କର ଗୋଟିଏ ଅର୍ଥ ଥାଏ ଓ ଏହା ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ପୂରଣ କରେ , ଯଥା: ପିନ୍-୭୫୬୦୦୧ । ବାମପଟେ ଥିବା ପ୍ରଥମ ଅଙ୍କ (୭) ଦେଶର ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଅଞ୍ଚଳକୁ ବୁଝାଇଥାଏ । ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ଓ ତୃତୀୟ ଅଙ୍କ (୫ , ୬) ଏକ...

The earliest films were silent movies. 'Raja Harishchandra' made in 1913, was the first movie made in India. Movies with sound were called talkies. The first Indian talkie was 'Alam Ara' made in the year 1931.

The Mahajanapadas Ø   From the 6 th century BC, iron tools and its implements began to be used widely which helped in the production of surplus foodgrains. Ø   The surplus of the production were collected by the princes to meet their military and administrative needs. Thus, new towns came into existence as people started to lead a settled life, to stick to their land and also expanded at the cost of the neighbouring virgin areas. Ø   The rise of the large states with towns as their capital strengthened the territorial idea. Ø   In the 6 th century BC, there existed 16 large states or Mahajanapadas in India, namely, Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji, Malla, Chedi, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Surasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara and Kamboj.   ·          The Locations and Capitals of the   Mahajanapadas: Ø   Kashi : It was located on the confluence of rivers Ganga and Gomoti(present day Varanasi d...

History is an evolution and growth. H. G. Wells has rightly said, “The knowledge we possess of life before the beginning of human memory and tradition is derived very largely from the markings and fossils of living things in the stratified rocks." But in spite of all the difficulties about the study of history of the nations and mankind, it is useful to study in more than one way. Advantages for the study of world history: (1) It Widens our Knowledge. We usually have very little knowledge about the world and that how it came into being. We also do not know how the life came to survive in the world. It is the study of world history which makes the people wise and knowledgeable. In the words of Jawaharlal Nehru : "In the history we read of the great periods in the life of nations, of great men and women and great deeds performed, and sometimes in our dreams and reveries we imagine ourselves back in those times and doing brave deeds like the heroes and heroines of old." (2...

        Pre-History of Man on Earth ·          The Stone Age has been divided into Palaeolithic Age(early or Old stone Age), Mesolithic Age(Middle Stone Age) and Neolithic Age(New Stone Age). ·          The Palaeolithic Age lasted for 1 million and 10,000 years ago, where the human beings used stone tools, roughly dressed by crude chipping. The Palaeolithic sites have been discovered throughout the country except the alluvial plains of the Indus, Ganga and Yamuna rivers. The people were gathering foods by hunting and had no knowledge of cultivation and house building. This phase continued till about 9000 BC. ·          The Palaeolithic Age in India is divided into 3 phases according to the nature of the stone tools used by the people.           Evolution of Man on Earth: ·        ...

                                          ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଯୁଗରେ ଭାରତୀୟ ସମାଜ ଭାରତୀୟ ସମାଜର ଅଜଣା ଅତୀତରେ ହରପ୍ପା ସଭ୍ୟତା , ସିନ୍ଧୁ ଉପତ୍ୟକା , ବେଦ ଓ ଉପନିଷେଦ ଆଦି ହଜାର ହଜାର ଓ ଲକ୍ଷ ଲକ୍ଷ ବର୍ଷ ପୁରୁଣା ହୋଇଥିଲେ ହେଁ ଏହା ଭାରତର ସଂସ୍କୃତି ଓ ପୁରାତନ ଉତ୍ପତ୍ତି ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଅନେକ ତଥ୍ୟ ଯୋଗାଇ ଥାଏ I ପ୍ରାକ୍ ଐତିହାସିକ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ କ୍ରମ ବିବର୍ତ୍ତନର ଧାରାରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସୋପାନ ବା ସ୍ତର ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଇ ବିକଶିତ ହୋଇଛି I ଏହି ଯୁଗଗୁଡିକ ହେଉଛି: ପ୍ରସ୍ତର ଯୁଗ , ତାମ୍ର ଯୁଗ , ଲୌହ ଯୁଗ , ବୈଦିକ ଯୁଗ , ମଧ୍ୟ ଯୁଗ , ଇଂରେଜ ରାଜତ୍ଵ ସମୟ ଓ ଆଧୁନିକ ଯୁଗ I v   ପ୍ରସ୍ତର ଯୁଗ:      ·          ପୃଥିବୀ ପୃଷ୍ଠରେ ମାନବ ଜୀବନର ଆରମ୍ଭ ପ୍ରାୟ ୪୦ ଲକ୍ଷ ବର୍ଷ ପୂର୍ବେ ହୋଇଥିବା ଅନୁମାନ କରାଯାଏ I ·          ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକମାନଙ୍କ ମତ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ମାଙ୍କଡ ଠାରୁ ମନୁଷ୍ୟର ବିକାଶ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା I ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଆକାର ଓ ଗଠନ ଆଧୁନିକ ମନୁ...